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First jet flight

Documentary of the first test flight(s) of America’s first jet aircraft, the XP-59A, at Edwards AFB, California.

Check out @FlightTestFact on Twitter for more flight test safety references, videos, and information daily.

Video exponentially improves our ability to use picture to communicate 10,000 words, and this is not only one of the fundamental ATOMs but also an elementary and critical element in the strategy to inform and invest. These are just a few of the reasons that this weekly video column exists.

How easy is it to move between flight test/aerospace sub-disciplines?

“If I take any job I can get in aerospace, how easy/hard is it to move out of one field to the next?” This question came from a graduate student seeking to enter the aerospace or flight test career field.

His concern was that he would be forced to accept a job in an area that he wasn’t excited about because of his inexperience, and that he would get pigeon-holed in that subdiscipline. For example, if he was hired as a systems engineer, would he be able to transfer to structures later on.

Two considerations:

  1. Breadth of experience is an important characteristic requirement for leadership
  2. Indispensable people can work wherever they please

Breadth

There is a cost for training an individual in any area that he is not experienced in.  There is also a risk that an individual will not acclimate to a new specialty.  Both of these objectives are easily overcome if there is a promising return on investment of time, money, effort, etc.  Grooming an engineering professional for leadership by exposing him or her to a broad range of work types and fields is one situation in which the return on investment can be recouped.

Some aerospace organizations also have exposure to a wider array of specialties. For example, a test engineer at the Air Force Flight Test Center might get to work on a much wider variety of projects and work more closely with other sub-disciplines compared to a landing gear design engineer at Boeing.

The third thing about breadth to consider is that it is much easier to go from a job working on a specialized system, e.g., landing gear, to a broader and more general specialty like systems engineering than it is to make the transition the other direction. Having said that, there are some people who can accomplish almost anything they set their minds to…

Indispensable

Leadership, initiative, diligence–these are all characteristics of a rare kind of worker. Many people only do the work assigned to them. Excellence in your work ethic and accomplishment of your assignments with initiative will set you apart in any profession. These skills are much more valuable than experience in a particular specialty, and you will likely find that you can pick the work you want to accomplish.

One final word on finding work in the aerospace field: demonstrate that you are indispensable by the way you conduct your job search, and you will be sowing seeds of success for the rest of your career.

1. Learn as much as you can about the company you want to work for.

2. Listen to the company’s representative and connect with them personally.

3. Show them your ability to see their needs, hear what he or she is saying, by responding to information you found in the first two points above.

Don’t just imagine your dreams–explore them, because we need you. The aerospace industry needs innovators. The flight test community is looking for the next Neil Armstrong, and that’s what this column is about, helping you take that next small step.

Thanks for reading Launch Your Flight Test Career #4. Send a message to @FlightTestFact on Twitter to ask questions about launching your flight test career.

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Landing Gear Design References and Bibliographies

The study of landing gear is a complex one, and many studies attempt to uncover optimal solutions for the design of landing gear. Primary considerations are the operating environment, aircraft weight, weight of the landing gear, and maturity of tire technology.

A typical landing gear system is 5 to 6% of the overall weight of an aircraft.

Here are a few of these references:

Cost analysis of landing gear malfunctions

Virginia Tech Aircraft Design course Landing Gear design bibliography

Study on automated methods for Integrated Landing Gear design (NASA sponsored)

NATO Landing Gear Design Specification

NASA Air Cushion Landing Gear System Study

Check out @FlightTestFact on Twitter for more flight test safety references, videos, and information daily.

Testing a Dream – Boeing 787 Flight Test Video Documentary

With a cameo appearance by Edwards AFB, a mostly interesting sometimes long-winded, documentary of the highlights of the Boeing Dreamliner program. It provides a good overview of the some elements of certification flight test.

Check out @FlightTestFact on Twitter for more flight test safety references, videos, and information daily.

Video exponentially improves our ability to use picture to communicate 10,000 words, and this is not only one of the fundamental ATOMs but also an elementary and critical element in the strategy to inform and invest. These are just a few of the reasons that this weekly video column exists.

A Flight Test Review of the Votec 322

first appeared in Flyer magazine http://www.flyer.co.uk/ Thanks to the wonders of the information age, I have recently made a new friend, Thomas, a graduate of the National Test Pilot School, who resides in Europe.

A while back, he wrote an article reviewing the MSW Aviation Votec 322 in Flyer magazine. The unique perspective of this article was his experiences as a test pilot school graduate and flight test professional.

Thomas went to a lot of effort to get permission to share the original article, Votec Flyer, for you to download and read. Thank you, Thomas, and Flyer magazine. Enjoy!

If you would like to contact Thomas, please forward your request through me.

Connect with @FlightTestFact on Twitter to share your flight test safety references, videos, and information.

Fuselage of the Future (Artist’s Conception) Video

This week’s video comes from theworacle channel on youtube–he’s a fixture at Aviation Week, and he shares this NASA video highlighting a blended wing body/circulation control wing, intended to allow passenger jets to take off in a short distance.

Check out @FlightTestFact on Twitter for more flight test safety references, videos, and information daily.

Airplanes inspire and amaze us, especially as they dance through the skies accomplishing their stunning aerial feats. Nowhere is this more evident than in the unique videos that capture test flights by daring test pilots, pushing the very envelope of knowledge and ability. I think it makes people believe that with enough persistence, dreams do take flight.

I also believe that a video exponentially improves our ability to use picture to communicate 10,000 words, and this is not only one of the fundamental ATOMs but also an elementary and critical element in the strategy to inform and invest. These are just a few of the reasons that this weekly video column exists.

Workload Evaluation and Flight Test — FAA Reference

“Getting into” an aviator’s mind and evaluating the effect of aircraft design and flying qualities and systems design and human factors is one of the most difficult jobs of the test pilot.  But it is precisely this expertise that results in safe and effective aircraft that are resistant to human error.

For example, spin resistance of the aircraft is not just an aircraft design requirement, but the ability of a “normal” pilot to recognize approach to spin indications and technique for recovery must be evaluated as well.

The FAA has produced this advisory circular that discusses workload evaluation and flight test techniques.

Also of note, any flight test professional will likely find themselves needing some kind of mathematical computational tool (like MatLab) sooner or later, and this new Stanford course–starts March 12th–on Algorithm Design will multiply the efficiency of anyone using these tools beyond a basic level.

Check out @FlightTestFact on Twitter for more flight test safety references, videos, and information daily.

NASA F-18 and T-38 Spin Flight Test Video

The fuselage of an aircraft actually has a significant impact on its spin characteristics. This video also shows an aircraft in a photo chase of the spinning aircraft, an assignment that is challenging and dangerous.

The following video is a short documentary of T-38 spin resistance testing.

Check out @FlightTestFact on Twitter for more flight test safety references, videos, and information daily.

Airplanes inspire and amaze us, especially as they dance through the skies accomplishing their stunning aerial feats. Nowhere is this more evident than in the unique videos that capture test flights by daring test pilots, pushing the very envelope of knowledge and ability. I think it makes people believe that with enough persistence, dreams do take flight.

I also believe that a video exponentially improves our ability to use picture to communicate 10,000 words, and this is not only one of the fundamental ATOMs but also an elementary and critical element in the strategy to inform and invest. These are just a few of the reasons that this weekly video column exists.

What is Production Flight Test?

“What is production flight test?” and “Can I use it as a stepping stone in my flight test career?” are two questions asked recently that I want to address today.

Production Flight Test

Martin B-26 MarauderAs aircraft come off the assembly line, they undergo certain inspections both on the ground and in the air, to determine that the aircraft meets its design specifications and all systems operate correctly. The airborne portion of this checkout is the job of the production flight test team.

As an example, here is the original production flight test manual of the Martin B-26 Marauder, which is pictured here. In this manual, you can see some of the technical detail involved in verifying system operation within allowable tolerances.

There are no special certifications for production flight test, and a demonstrated history of aviation excellence and engineering/mechanical acumen are the only job experience requirements.  So this niche is probably one of the more widely accessible routes to a flight test career.

Stepping Stones

I have friends and colleagues both who followed their work as production test pilots with more specialized jobs in design, development, and experimental flight test. In particular, one was able to satisfy the requirements for membership in the Society of Experimental Test Pilots based on his work history that followed from the earlier stepping stones in production flight test. (I am soliciting his permission to link to his contact information–please check back for an update.)

So production flight test is certainly an excellent way to gain valuable experience and launch your flight test career.

Thanks for reading Launch Your Flight Test Career #3. Don’t just imagine your dreams–explore them, because we need you. The aerospace industry needs innovators. The flight test community is looking for the next Neil Armstrong, and that’s what this column is about, helping you take that next small step.

Send a message to @FlightTestFact on Twitter to ask questions about launching your flight test career.

More articles in this series: Previous | Next

First Flight for A350 Trent XWB Engine

Airbus celebrated a major milestone, as shown in this video: the First Flight of the A350 future engine, the Rolls-Royce Trent XWB .

For more on this news story, go here.

Check out @FlightTestFact on Twitter for more flight test safety references, videos, and information daily.

Airplanes inspire and amaze us, especially as they dance through the skies accomplishing their stunning aerial feats. Nowhere is this more evident than in the unique videos that capture test flights by daring test pilots, pushing the very envelope of knowledge and ability. I think it makes people believe that with enough persistence, dreams do take flight.

I also believe that a video exponentially improves our ability to use picture to communicate 10,000 words, and this is not only one of the fundamental ATOMs but also an elementary and critical element in the strategy to inform and invest. These are just a few of the reasons that this weekly video column exists.

Throttle Bodies and Other Engine and Propulsion Flight Test Techniques – FTT #1

Propulsion engineering and flight test truly covers the entire spectrum of flight test techniques. For example, consider these questions:

  1. Performance FTTs - Does the engine perform as expected?
  2. Flying qualities FTTs – Does a spin or stall or other high angle of attack disrupt airflow into engine inlets enough to cause engine flameout or compressor stall?
  3. Systems FTTs – Are the controls and displays associated with the engine adequate considering the mission of the aircraft? Does the Digital Engine Control interface appropriately with other aircraft systems?

Today, however, I would like to briefly describe throttle bodies, a flight test technique used, almost exclusively in propulsion engineering applications of flight test. (Bodies is pronounced with a long o, as you would expect to pronounce “bode–ee”.)

Initial setup: trim the aircraft hands off at a given airspeed and altitude and initial power setting.

This allows engine to stabilize. (Often the control room will look at telemetry from the engine to verify desired parameters are in range and stable.)

Maneuver technique: When command of execution is given, test pilot performs a step input to throttle. Test pilot observes engine response and in anticipation of the engine reaching desired setting, performs a second step input to original power setting.

This might be a rapid push of the throttle to maximum power or a throttle chop to idle, for example. The second input–a step input back to max for example–might be made as the engine passes 73% N1, so that the engine “bottoms out” at 65% N1.  In other words, this input must be made so that the engine does not pass the desired target parameters. Leading the desired parameter is required because engines do not spool up (or down) instantaneously.

Other considerations: Usually, the aircraft must maintain a constant speed (within some data band like +/-.05 M or +/- 5 knots). Thus at the initial trim condition, the pitch attitude might be nose high. When the throttle is chopped, the test pilot must pitch down to maintain the airspeed within the desired range. Similarly, this entire maneuver (including the pitch up/down) must remain within a certain altitude band (like +/- 1000 feet).

The illustration above from a Test Pilot School course handout (I encourage you to click on it to see it full size) shows the engine response to a throttle body.

On the last Friday of each month, the column What is an FTT describes some of the fundamental maneuver building blocks performed by test pilots to gather data during flight test missions. An FTT is in some sense a description of an experiment.  It is a key element of the scientific method applied to aerospace sciences, engineering, and aviation.

You can access all of these posts by clicking on the FTT category hyperlink below the post title.

#FTT Friday
Each Friday, @FlightTestFact will deliver examples, definitions, and explanations of flight test techniques for the entire day. You can view these tweets by searching for #FTT and #flighttest as depicted below. You can also click on the picture below to be taken to the twitter search results. What FTT would you like to know more about?


Read more: Previous | Next

Propulsion Engineering Open Courseware and Jet Engine Specification Reference

An excellent, comprehensive resource for learning more about propulsion engineering is this Thermodynamics/Propulsion Engineering open courseware from MIT’s OCW project.

An extremely comprehensive listing of the specifications (thrust, specific fuel consumption, etc.) of jet engines is available from this website. When available, pictures and examples of each engine are provided.

 

Check out @FlightTestFact on Twitter for more flight test safety references, videos, and information daily.

North American XB-70 Valkyrie Flight Test Videos

The XB-70 was an experimental supersonic bomber that showcases an engine inlet designed to optimize supersonic airflow total pressure recovery with a changeable geometry.

NASA has several other XB-70 videos here.

Check out @FlightTestFact on Twitter for more flight test safety references, videos, and information daily.

Airplanes inspire and amaze us, especially as they dance through the skies accomplishing their stunning aerial feats. Nowhere is this more evident than in the unique videos that capture test flights by daring test pilots, pushing the very envelope of knowledge and ability. I think it makes people believe that with enough persistence, dreams do take flight.

I also believe that a video exponentially improves our ability to use picture to communicate 10,000 words, and this is not only one of the fundamental ATOMs but also an elementary and critical element in the strategy to inform and invest. These are just a few of the reasons that this weekly video column exists.

Can an airline pilot be a test pilot?

This post is about a question I received on facebookCan a civilian airline pilot be a test pilot? The answer is definitely yes, and to adequately answer this question will take several posts. But here is the first part of my answer.

Test pilots need three broad areas of experience and expertise–aviation, engineering, and leadership–the airline industry has opportunities in each of these areas.

Aviation Experience
The airline industry is obviously a great place to build a strong foundation of aviation experience and flying hours. In fact, civilian airline pilots have a wide breadth of aircraft experience, from small general aviation aircraft to regional jets and perhaps even jumbo jets. Learn as much as you can about the airplane you are flying. Read the aircraft operations manual frequently. When you get the opportunity, talk to maintenance personnel and learn more about the airplane that way as well.

Leadership Experience
Even as a junior airline pilot, as a first officer, you should and can begin to grow as a leader. Watch what the experienced captains do and say as the pilot in command, how they act, and take every opportunity to ask them about their experience. Everything you learn about leadership will help you grow in your aviation career–you will need many strong leadership skills to excel in flight test.

Engineering Experience
Every airline has a collection of pilots who have a strong background in technical skills and a deep understanding of the maintenance aspects of the aircraft. Some airlines have test pilots on their staff. Almost every maintenance facility has pilots who fly the aircraft in a functional check flight (or acceptance test flight) after maintenance is done to ensure that the aircraft and its systems still function properly. This is the tip of iceberg for the kind of skills you will need as a pilot-engineer, which is one of the hats that a test pilot wears. These pilots are the bridge between the engineers/technical experts and the pilots who fly the line every day.

I recommend that you find these pilots and offer to buy them coffee or lunch in exchange for an hour of questions and answers. What you learn about their career path may be exactly what you need to launch your flight test career.

Next time, I’ll offer some suggestions on courses you can take anywhere in the world regardless of your engineering background or citizenship to begin to equip you with some fundamental flight test knowledge.

Don’t just imagine your dreams–explore them, because we need you. The aerospace industry needs innovators. The flight test community is looking for the next Neil Armstrong, and that’s what this column is about, helping you take that next small step. 

Thanks for reading Launch Your Flight Test Career #2Send a message to @FlightTestFact on Twitter to ask questions about launching your flight test career.

More articles in this series: Previous | Next

Jet Engine Multimedia References

Two of the world’s leading jet engine manufacturer’s have wonderful multimedia presentations and references on jet engine operation and on the particular characteristics of their products.

General Electric’s Engine 101

Pratt and Whitney discuss their engines, like the C-17A’s F117 engine here.

Check out @FlightTestFact on Twitter for more flight test safety references, videos, and information daily.

10 (or more) Vertical Takeoff & Landing Experimental Aircraft Video

Early development of vertical takeoff and landing aircraft centered primarily on propulsion engineering and it’s use in providing lift and stability/control and thrust as seen in this documentary video.

(Thanks to flightglobal.com @flightblogger for the lead on this video.)

Check out @FlightTestFact on Twitter for more flight test safety references, videos, and information daily.

Airplanes inspire and amaze us, especially as they dance through the skies accomplishing their stunning aerial feats. Nowhere is this more evident than in the unique videos that capture test flights by daring test pilots, pushing the very envelope of knowledge and ability. I think it makes people believe that with enough persistence, dreams do take flight.

I also believe that a video exponentially improves our ability to use picture to communicate 10,000 words, and this is not only one of the fundamental ATOMs but also an elementary and critical element in the strategy to inform and invest. These are just a few of the reasons that this weekly video column exists.

9 Ways to Launch Your Flight Test Career

I have been extremely privileged to meet and be mentored by test pilots and flight test engineers from all over the world, from every background and career path. I’ve summarized the well-traveled of these paths below.

Here are nine ways to get your flight test career off the ground:

1. Military Test Pilot School – like USAFTPS or USNTPS
2. Civilian Test Pilot School – like National TPS (NTPS)
3. Production flight test (described in an Air & Space Magazine story here)
4. FAA Flight Test (both engineers and pilots are needed to support FAA’s certification responsibilities)
5. Maintenance test flights
6. Airline technical/engineering pilot
7. Study at a college with a flight research/flight test laboratory (MS State, Texas A&M, UTSI, etc.)
8. Build and fly your own aircraft
9. Flight test of unmanned aircraft

In the weeks ahead, I will share stories from my friends and colleagues in each of the above categories, so you can see how they found their dream job in the flight test/aerospace industry.

Don’t just imagine your dreams–explore them, because we need you. The aerospace industry needs innovators. The flight test community is looking for the next Neil Armstrong, and that’s what this column is about, helping you take that next small step. 

Thanks for reading Launch Your Flight Test Career #1Send a message to @FlightTestFact on Twitter to ask questions about launching your flight test career.

More articles in this series: Previous | Next

Introduction to Propulsion Engineering Test Pilot School Handbook

With elementary line drawings/illlustrations like this one, the Test Pilot School’s introductory handbook on propulsion flight test is an excellent choice for beginner or a quick reference for the expert.

Introduction to Propulsion Engineering and Flight Test Handbook (USAF TPS)

It includes discussion on computing engine efficiencies, inlet design, thrust and specific fuel consumption derivations, etc.

Check out @FlightTestFact on Twitter for more flight test safety references, videos, and information daily.

Spin Flight Test Technique for Propulsion Engineering Video

The Top Gun “flat spin flameout” is not that far-fetched. Airflow during high angle of attack maneuvering can have a significant (and sometimes detrimental) effect on aircraft engines. Therefore, spin-type flight testing is a key part of propulsion engineering analysis. The following videos show spin testing of the F-15.

The next video includes cockpit footage as well.

Check out @FlightTestFact on Twitter for more flight test safety references, videos, and information daily.

Airplanes inspire and amaze us, especially as they dance through the skies accomplishing their stunning aerial feats. Nowhere is this more evident than in the unique videos that capture test flights by daring test pilots, pushing the very envelope of knowledge and ability. I think it makes people believe that with enough persistence, dreams do take flight.

I also believe that a video exponentially improves our ability to use picture to communicate 10,000 words, and this is not only one of the fundamental ATOMs but also an elementary and critical element in the strategy to inform and invest. These are just a few of the reasons that this weekly video column exists.

Propulsion Engineering and Flight Test Technique References

NASA Photo: F-15 Propulsion Flight Test FixtureAs the propulsion engineering sub-discipline and aircraft engine characteristics are the focus of this month, here are several excellent references on flight test and engineering design of engines.

Propulsion is covered specifically in chapter 24 of the AGARD Flight Test Technique series, Volume 14. The full text of this volume is here

Unique methods of propulsion flight test include NASA’s Propulsion Flight Test Fixture (pictured above), and this report discusses its initial flight tests.

AGARD Advisory Report No. 81 TECHNICAL EVALUATION REPORT ON FLUID DYNAMICS PANEL SYMPOSIUM ON AIRFRAME/PROPULSION INTERFERENCE

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